تنوع زیستی راسته ها و خانواده های حشرات در ایران: کاوشی بر مبنای اطلاعات رویدادهای سه دهه گذشته

For the first time, the biodiversity of insect orders and families in Iran has been examined using data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), covering insect occurrences over the past 30 years from early 1994 to the end of 2023. The geographical boundaries of Iran and its provinces were determined using shapefile data from the Iran Cartographic Organization, covering approximately 1.65 million square kilometers. The data, including observations, samples, and related occurrences of Iranian insects, were extracted on May 23, 2024. Geopandas in Python (version 3.12) was used to analyze insect biodiversity characteristics. Occurrence data were collected and calculated by order and family for each province. Temporal analysis of cumulative numbers of insect orders and families was conducted in five-year periods from early 1994 to early 2024. Pandas library was used for data management, Matplotlib for line chart visualization, and Numpy for numerical operations. Hotspot analysis of biodiversity in provinces was performed using the DBSCAN spatial clustering method. Results showed that the GBIF database contained 10,064 insect occurrences, encompassing 17 orders and 244 families. The highest number of new insect orders were reported between 2004-2009 and 2014-2019 (five new orders in each period). The highest number of insect families (131 families) was reported between 2014-2019. No new orders were reported after 2019, but the number of families continued to increase until the end of 2023. Golestan province had the highest number of occurrences with 13 orders and 87 families, followed by Mazandaran, Semnan, Isfahan, Kerman, and Tehran (with 10, 9, 12, 7, and 11 orders and 83, 83, 76, 76, and 76 families, respectively). The lowest number of insect occurrences over the three decades was recorded in Ilam, South Khorasan, Markazi, and Hamedan provinces, each with four orders and 8, 8, 23, and 11 families, respectively. The hottest biodiversity spots based on the "number of occurrences recorded in GBIF over three decades" were placed in Golestan, Mazandaran, Fars, and Isfahan provinces, with 1,544, 974, 789, and 766 occurrences, respectively. The results indicate that in addition to systematic reporting and describing insects, it is crucial to design and implement continuous biodiversity monitoring programs at the national and provincial levels to update data and identify potential changes and threats.