تاثیر روش‌های عصاره گیری و خشک کردن آن بر فعالیت ضد باکتریایی گیاه دارویی بابونه آلمانی (Matricaria chamomile)

Abstract
German chamomile plant (Matricaria chamomilla L) is an annual plant native to Europe and Asia belonging to the Asteraceae family. This plant is used as a medicinal plant due to its medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, anti-allergenic and antibacterial properties, helping to prevent sleep, diarrhea, colic, ulcers, oral mucositis and eczema, and is one of the most valuable medicinal plants with a long history of use worldwide. In recent years, its consumption in Iran has increased, and various products like extracts and mouthwashes have been produced. The therapeutic, cosmetic, and nutritional values of its flowers have been scientifically proven. This study aimed to utilize natural compounds for managing bacterial soft rot diseases caused by Pectobacterium and Burkholderia, as well as to find the best extraction method and optimize the drying process. The experiment was conducted factorially with three extraction methods: percolation, soaking, and ultrasound, and three drying methods: air-drying, oven, and rotary evaporator, across three different chamomile populations. Methanol 70% was used to extract secondary metabolites in all methods.
The antimicrobial effects of different chamomile extracts were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The highest inhibitory effect against Pectobacterium was observed in the soaking extraction and rotary drying method for the Isfahan sample population, with a halo diameter of 204 mm. No halos were formed in the Khorasan and Isfahan populations using the percolation method. For Burkholderia, the largest halo was observed with the percolation extraction and oven drying method in Khuzestan and Khorasan populations, with a halo diameter of 2.34 mm, while the smallest halo was from the ultrasonic extraction and oven drying method in the Khuzestan sample, with a halo diameter of 1.1 mm.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) effects on Pectobacterium showed the highest inhibitory effect in the Khuzestan sample with the percolation extraction and rotary drying method in 625 ppm concentration. For Burkholderia, the highest inhibitory effect was observed in the Isfahan sample using soaking extraction and rotary drying in 625ppm concentration too. The least inhibitory effects were in the Isfahan sample using soaking extraction and air drying, and the Khorasan sample using ultrasonic extraction and air drying both at a concentration of 5000 ppm.
The results of this experiment showed that the best method of extracting the extract in order to have the best inhibitory effects against Pectobacrerium sp is the percolation method and the best method of concentration of the extract is by rotary, and in Burkhulderia sp the extraction method is maceration and the most suitable method of concentration is by rotary.