ارزیابی اثربخشی کاربرد خاکی بیوچار طبیعی معدنی کوهبنان بر تغییرات جمعیت پسیل معمولی پسته در مقایسه با تیمارهای متداول

The principles of pest management in organic farming systems are based on adopting environmentally friendly methods to deal with pests and minimizing the need to use chemical methods. In this study, changes in the population of common pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) affected by natural biochar soil application were investigated in comparison with conventional treatments for feeding pistachio trees and soil amendment. A pistachio garden located in Rafsanjan city (5 hectares) consisting of 40-year-old Fandoghi trees was selected for the experiment. This study was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design and in 5 replications. The population changes of wintering insects (first decade of April) and the first generation (first decade of May) were evaluated by comparing the attraction of whole insects of common pistachio psyllium to yellow cards with dimensions of 10 × 25 cm. In each turn, for each treatment, 8 yellow cards (4 cards in the first half of the east side and 4 cards in the last half of the west side) were installed in the garden, observing the influence radius of 30 meters. After 10 days from the installation date, the cards were collected and the insects were counted. Two-way analysis of variance was used to investigate this goal. 11 treatments include natural mineral biochar (powder; 3 tons per hectare) and its combination with gypsum (20 tons per hectare), rotted manure (30 tons per hectare), its combination with gypsum (20 tons per hectare) and Its combination with fertilizer containing micro soil elements (Akamax; 100 kg per hectare), chicken manure in the form of pellets (1200 kg per hectare), windblown (18 cubic meters per 60 meter row), water and soil acidity modifier (with the Out Salt brand at the rate of 20 liters per hectare), the soil conditioner (anti-salinity compound with the KadasulpH, rate of 20 liters per hectare) and the control (without the use of fertilizers and modifiers) as well as the generation was checked as a factor. There was a significant difference in the density of the population of insects in the eleven studied treatments. Also, the population density of insects in the first two generations and winterers was also significant. The population density of the first generation insects in the treatment of chicken manure (313.00±41.52) and the control (292.50±53.79) and the population density of the complete insect population of common pistachio psylla winterers in the treatment of the mixture of animal manure and micro elements (58 92.37±53) and control (70.00±30.30) were more than other treatments. The lowest population density of whole insects attracted to yellow cards in the wintering generation was related to gypsum treatment (32.75±11.65) and in the first generation related to natural mineral biochar (102.50±7.14).